How safe are cooling agents?

The safety of cooling agents requires a comprehensive assessment based on ingredient type, dosage, regulatory compliance, and individual differences. Overall, they are safe for most healthy individuals under standardized use. This can be analyzed from the following perspectives:

Compliance is a key requirement: Regulatory agencies in various countries (such as China’s GB 2760, the US FDA, and the EU’s EFSA) clearly define the types, scope, and maximum limits of cooling agents permitted. For example, synthetic cooling agents like WS-23 and menthol, as well as natural cooling agents like menthol and eucalyptol, must undergo safety assessments before being added to approved products. Therefore, there is no need to worry about products that comply with regulatory requirements. Ingredient characteristics impact safety:

Natural cooling agents (such as menthol): These are relatively safe, but some people may be sensitive to high concentrations of menthol, resulting in oral mucosal irritation, stomach discomfort (e.g., nausea), or redness of the skin after contact.
Synthetic cooling agents (e.g., WS-23, WS-3): Most are less irritating than menthol and have a lower risk of allergies, but excessive intake should be avoided. While there are no reports of definitive toxicity, excessive intake may still cause mild nerve irritation (e.g., numbness in the mouth).

Individual differences and usage scenarios:
Special populations require caution: Infants, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and those allergic to mint ingredients should avoid products containing high concentrations of cooling agents (e.g., strong cooling toothpaste, mint candies).

Precautions for topical use: Cooling agents used in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals (e.g., cooling ointments, mouthwashes) may worsen irritation on damaged skin or sensitive mucous membranes. Therefore, follow the product instructions for use. In summary, as long as the cooling agent complies with national standards and is used within limits, it is safe for ordinary consumers; if discomfort occurs after use, stop immediately and avoid further contact.